Chaining Forward and Chaining Backwards

When teaching life skills such as dressing, grooming or perhaps even cooking, a special educator often has to break down the task to be taught in small discrete steps. The first step for teaching a life skill is to complete a task analysis. Once the task analysis is complete, the teacher needs to decide how it is to be taught: chaining forward, or chaining backward? Chaining Whenever we do a complete, multistep task, we complete the component parts in a specific order (though there can be some flexibility.) We start at some point and complete each step, one step at a time. Since these tasks are sequential we refer to teaching them step-by-step as chaining. Chaining Forward When chaining forward, the instructional program starts with the beginning of the task sequence. After each step is mastered, instruction begins at the next step. Depending on how severely a students abilities are compromised by their disability will depend on what level of support the student will need for each step of instruction. If a child is unable to learn the step by having it modeled and then imitating it, it may be necessary to provide hand over hand prompting, fading instructional prompting to verbal and then gestural prompts. As each step is mastered, the student completes the step after begin given a verbal command (prompt?) and then begins instruction in the next step. Each time the student has completed the part of the tasks they have he or she has mastered, the instructor will complete the other steps, either modeling or hand over handing the tasks in the order you will be teaching the student. An Example of Chaining Forward Angela is pretty severely cognitively disabled. She is learning life skills with therapeutic support staff (TSS) aid provided by the county mental health organization. Rene (her aide) is working on teaching her independent grooming skills. She can wash her hands independently, with the simple command, Angela, its time to wash your hand. Wash your hands. She has just begun to learn how to brush her teeth. She will follow this forward chain: Angela gets the pink toothbrush from her cup and the toothpaste from the top vanity drawer.When she has mastered this step, she will unscrew the cap, she will wet the bristles and put the paste on the bristles.When she has mastered opening the toothpaste and squirting it on the brush, the child needs to open his, her mouth wide and begin to brush the top teeth. I would divide this into several steps and teach it over a couple of weeks: Up and down on the bottom and top on the side opposite the dominant hand, up and down on the same side, up and down in front and back of the front teeth. Once the whole sequence is mastered, the student can move on to:Rinsing the toothpaste out, front and back. This step will have to be modeled: there is no way to hand over hand this skill.Replace the toothpaste cap, put the cap, brush and rinsing cup away. An Example of Backward Chaining Jonathon, aged 15, lives at a residential facility. One of the goals in his residential IEP is to do his own laundry. In his facility, there is a two to one ratio of staff to students, so Rahul is the evening staff member for Jonathon and Andrew. Andrew is also 15, and also has a laundry goal, so Rahul has Andrew watch as Jonathon does his laundry on Wednesday, and Andrew does his laundry on Friday. Chaining Laundry Backwards Rahul completes each of the steps Jonathon will need to complete the laundry, modeling and reciting each step. i.e. First we separate the colors and the whites.Next we will put the dirty whites in the washing machine.Now we measure the soap (Rahul might choose to have Jonathon open the soap container if twisting off lids is one of Jonathons already acquired skills.)Now we choose the water temperature. Hot for whites, cold for colors.Now we turn the dial to regular wash.Now we close the lid and pull out the dial.Rahul gives Jonathon a couple of choices for waiting: Looking at books? Playing a game on the iPad? He may also stop Jonathon from his game and check out where the machine is in the process.Oh, the machine is done spinning. Lets put the wet clothing in the dryer.Lets set the drying for 60 minutes.(When the buzzer goes off.) Is the laundry dry? Lets feel it? Yes, lets take it out and fold it. At this point, Jonathon would assist in taking the dry laundry out of the dryer. With assistance, he would fold the clothing, matching socks and stacking white underwear and t-shirts in the correct pile s. In backward chaining, Jonathon would observe Rahul do the laundry and would begin by assisting with removing the laundry and folding it. When he has reached an acceptable level of independence (I wouldnt demand perfection) you would back up, and have Jonathon set the dryer and push the start button. After that is mastered, he would back up to removing the wet clothing from the washer and putting it in the dryer. The purpose of backward chaining is the same as that of forward chaining: to help the student gain independence and mastery in a skill that he or she can use for the rest of their life. Whether you, as the practitioner, choose forward or backward chaining will depend on the childs strengths and your perception of where the student will be most successful. His or her success is the real measure of the most effective way to chain, either forward, or backward.

Marketing Analysis The Marketing Journal Exercise

The marketing journal exercise is an extremely valuable experience in not only discovering consumer type, but the mixture of marketing efforts surrounding daily lives. Marketing is a significant aspect of everyday routines and can be found in various locations including the home, pantry, and nearly every public setting. Although marketing is highly present, many have grown accustomed to it and are becoming desensitized to the efforts. Maintaining a marketing journal lead to me discover I ignore almost every marketing piece confronting my daily routine. I have become so accustomed to ignoring marketing efforts I find myself immediately recycling junk mail without even opening the envelope. Not only did the exercise encourage me to become a consumer more aware of the surrounding marketing efforts, I have also identified reoccurring themes within my own behaviors as a consumer. My personal consumer behavior tends to be largely driven by the Utilitarian type of motivation. 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International Business Sony and Dove Firms

Question: Discuss about theInternational Businessfor Sony and Dove Firms. Answer: Introduction This report aims at providing information related to the marketing strategies used by two firms namely Sony and Dove to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. These companies have used different marketing strategies such as viral marketing, advertising by the use of new technology in order to reach large number of customers so as to achieve high profits. Besides this, these companies have also implemented different campaigns in order to attract specific target group. Implementation of different advertising campaigns facilitates in increasing the brand equity and attains high profits. It also results in attainment of advantage over their rivals which in turn results in increasing their market share (Zimmerman and Blythe, 2013). Nowadays, rapid changes in the preferences of customers lead to adopt different target marketing approaches by the companies in order to fulfill the demands of their customers. This leads to an increase in the customer base of the company and thereby its sales and profitability. In addition to this, companies also focuses on introducing new marketing strategies or modify the existing marketing strategies in order to gain advantage over its rivals. This is because due to emergence of globalization, there is an increase in the number of competitors in the market for similar products. Companies need to adopt new and modify the existing strategies, processes for the purpose of achieving sustainability in the market (Hutt and Speh, 2012). Case Study Sony Corporation was founded in the year 1946 and offer different electronic equipments such as LCD televisions, headphones, memory based portable audio devices and video cameras. Along with this, it is also engaged in the production and manufacturing of animated motion pictures and so on. The company also offers DVDs, Blu-ray discs, CD and so on (Yahoo Finance, 2016). There is a presence of intense competition in the electronic equipment industry. The major competitors of Sony include TEAC, Philips and Panasonic. These companies have large number of product ranges for the purpose of attracting large number of customers. It is essential for the company to execute different successful marketing strategies for the purpose of attaining competitive advantage. The company has implemented viral marketing campaign for its different products such as Net MD Walkman, Atrac CD Walkman in the year 2003 which helps in reminding customers of the products of Sony (Dobele, Toleman and Beverland, 2005). The viral marketing is executed by the use of humour music in different out of character situation in order to make a reminder for customers. This helps in attracting large number of customers. The company has also introduces a new feature in its website named as email a friend. This helps existing customers to provide information related to the products of the company to potential customers. A short movie is introduced by the company for promoting its products through artificial intelligence. The film was being promoted three months prior to the release date for the purpose of creating curiosity among customers. This has resulted in the increase in the number of customers (Dobele, Toleman and Beverland, 2005). On the release of the movie million of customers have engaged into approximately 3000000 sessions. Besides this, at the opening of the film there is a sale of $30 million which have reached to $236 million with a budget of $90 million (Dobele, Toleman and Beverland, 2005). Along with this, in the year 1998, Sony has also published movie on billboards by spending $ 125 million and $200 million to make it summer blockbuster and a hit respectively. Sony has around 250 marketing partners that spent around $150 million for licensing rights to Godzilla T-shirts, buses, buttons, TV and radio. The company has its sales approximately $175 million by marketing Godzilla (Kotler, 2002). The execution of marketing campaigns has resulted in an increase in the profits to 1315000 thousand in the year 2016 (Yahoo Finance, 2016). The vision of Dove is to provide different beauty solutions to women as beauty act as source of confidence. Therefore, it facilitates in the development of positive relationship with them with regard to their looks and results in increasing their self esteem (Dove, 2016). Besides this, in order to differentiate the product from the rivals Dove has implemented a new campaign that emphasize on social change. The name of the campaign is Campaign for Real Beauty that focuses on opposing restrictive feminine beauty standards. It emphasizes on promotion of democratic view of beauty. This has been made by fat activist organizations and Toronto based grassroots. This targets feminine beauty ideals like Pretty, Porky and Pissed off (PPPO) (Johnston and Taylor, 2008). This is a type of comparative approach used by the company in order to exhibit the different uses of the products. It entails information that the beauty products offered by the company provide treatment for different skin types. The company portrays the interviews conducted with different PPPO members in order to provide real evidences of good results achieved by those members. This helps in building loyalty among existing customers and attracting new customers which in turn results in increasing the profits of the company (Johnston and Taylor, 2008). In addition to this, such type of advertisements reminds customers of the particular product to be used in specific condition. Women are very conscious about their beauty so they are attracted by such advertisements or promotions and eager to use such products (Johnston and Taylor, 2008). The information can be collected from two sources i.e. primary sources of data collection and secondary sources of data collection. This report exhibits information collected from secondary sources of data collection as the information is collected from available published sources. The information is collected from different sources such as journal articles, official websites, and books (Axinn and Pearce, 2006). Analysis Viral marketing executed by Sony facilitates in providing and spreading information to large number of customers. The customers of the company has spread positive word of mouth to their relatives, friends and other individuals which has resulted in an immense increase in the number of potential customers. This has led to attain a competitive advantage over its rivals such as Panasonic despite of the fact that these companies have introduced wide ranges of products. This has also results in increased market share (Kalpan and Haenlein, 2011). The feature of email a friend on the website help customers to provide information related to the product and its satisfaction level to another potential customer helps in increasing the customer base of the company. This is because if a customer is fully satisfied only then the positive message will be forwarded to another potential customer and thereby helps in increasing the sales of the company (Kalpan and Haenlein, 2011). Along with this, the company is able to achieve credibility as customers become loyal and helps in increasing its brand loyalty. Such feature also helps in increasing the traffic on the website for the purpose of gaining information related to the product such as features, color, advantages, quality, price and different promotional offers. This results in increasing the chances of purchase by the potential customer. Increase in the customer base results in increasing the sales and profits of the company. Along with this, the feature of email a friend also helps in increasing the reach to customers as customers from other countries can also get knowledge about the product and make order from the website (Bruyn and Lilien, 2008). The comparative approach adopted by Dove has led to increase in the customer base as the campaign portrays the benefits gained by the women who have used the product. This has also resulted in increasing the credibility of the product offered by the company. The company have targeted women as they are beauty conscious. The comparison between different skin types and its positive results to those women persuade potential customers to buy the product. In this manner, there is an increase in the number of customers. Along with this, the campaign also portrays the feedback received from existing customers while interviews conducted with them also helps in attracting large number of customers. It helps in persuading them to buy and use the product (Applegate and Johnsen, 2007). Conclusion It can be concluded that nowadays companies emphasizes on implementing different marketing strategies for achieving competitive advantage over its rivals. In this report the successful marketing strategies adopted by Sony and Dove is revealed that helps them to attain competitive advantage. Sony has adopted viral marketing in order to promote its products and gain an advantage over its rivals such as Philips and Panasonic. Along with this, the company has introduced email a friend feature which is used as a viral marketing method in which satisfied customers recommend the product to potential customers. This in turn helps in increasing the customer base of the company. It has resulted in a $30 million sale in the year 2003 which has increased to $236 million in the upcoming years. It has also summarized that adoption of comparative approach in the campaign for beauty by Dove has also resulted in increasing the number of customers as it provides information or feedback obtained from i nterviewing PPPO members regarding improvement in their glow. References Applegate, E. and Johnsen, A. (2007) Cases in Advertising and Marketing Management: Real Situations for Tomorrow's Managers. Rowman Littlefield. Axinn, W.G. and Pearce, L.D. (2006) Mixed Method Data Collection Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Bruyn, A.D. and Lilien, G. (2008) A multi-stage model of word-of-mouth influence through viral marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 25, pp.151-163. Dobele, A., Toleman, D. and Beverland, M. (2005) Controlled infection! Spreading the brand message through viral marketing. Business Horizons, 48, pp.143-149. Dove. (2016) Our Vision. [Online]. Available from: https://www.dove.com/in/stories/about-dove/our-vision.html [Accessed on: 5 December 2016]. Hutt, M.D. and Speh, T.W. (2012) Business Marketing Management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Johnston, J. and Taylor, J. (2008) Feminist Consumerism and Fat Activists: A Comparative Study of Grassroots Activism and the Dove Real Beauty Campaign. Chicago Journals, 33(4), pp. 941-966. Kalpan, A.M. and Haenlein, M. (2011) Two hearts in three-quarter time: How to waltz the Kotler, P. (2002) A framework for Marketing Management. Pearson Custom Publishing. social media/viral marketing dance. Business Horizons, 54, pp. 253-263. Yahoo Finance. (2016) Sony Corporation. [Online]. Available from: https://au.finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=SNE [Accessed on: 5 December 2016]. Zimmerman, A. and Blythe, J. (2013) Business to Business Marketing Management: A Global Perspective. Routledge.

The Purpose of College Athletics

Introduction Universities and colleges in the United States benefit from athletics more than the student-athlete does. Although the students get an opportunity to explore their talents while they are still young, they end up benefiting the colleges more than they benefit themselves.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of College Athletics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This topic is important because from the studies undertaken by the researchers, it has been confirmed that colleges benefit more from athletics at the expense of student-athletes who in addition to paying school fees, for those not sponsored, bring revenue to the institution and get no pay. The first part of the essay discusses the benefits the institutions of higher learning derive from the student-athletes in the United States. The second part shows why the student-athletes should be paid in the United States Universities by discussing the negative impacts in their lives when they participate in the college athletics. At Idaho State University, a football coach who abused a player and went unpunished is used as an example to show how student are abused at the time of bringing revenue to the college. Benefits of college athletes to the institutions of higher learning in the United States Michael Martin, the chancellor of Louisiana State University pointed out the benefits of the college athletics to the institutions of higher learning in the United States. He said that despite the fact that they lost to the University of Alabama at the college football championship, the school gained a massive exposure because the event was aired in the national and international television stations. He was arguing that one of the benefits that the college derives from the college athletics is the marketing of the college to the potential students, sponsors and any other form of assistance to the college (Robe, 2012). Martin also a rgued that the televised college athletics events contribute to the full achievement of the academic mission. He responded by saying that during the breaks where the players rest, advertisements about the school’s mission, vision, core functions and the principles will boost the academic performance of the school because the viewers of the game will get a chance to know about the academic programs offered by the participating college. Some may decide to enroll in the school from the programs they have seen during the resting time (Robe, 2012). The good performance by the student-athlete is attributed to the University and not the student athlete. When a company approaches the institution to advertise their products through the student-athletes, all the revenue obtained goes to the university and not to the student.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is corruption because the students do not earn money even after generating much income for the college. This scandal in the United States was alleged to be done by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), two of the former United States Olympic Committee and the various universities’ heads (Branch, 2012). Several United States universities’ administrators believe that the college’s success in athletics amounts to the university’s ability to attract high quality people in both academics and athletics. Due to the larger market they reach during the college athletics championship, a well performing college will stand a higher chance of recruiting many good performing students in both academics and athletics because many potential students will admire to be part of the successful college. This success will not be attributed to the student-athlete but to the hosting institution. According to Allen, Boston College recorded an increase by 33 percent of the applicants to the c ollege when Doug Flutie became a football star in the early 1980s (Mixon, 2004) Negative effects of college athletics to the student-athlete The male students who participate in the college athletics is less recognized compared to the females who participate. Research shows that male students tend to engage in alcohol, partying and drug abuse more than they study during the college athletics. This effect is more pronounced in the lowly performing students and those who come from disadvantaged backgrounds. They argue that the sports, which take a considerable time in America, threaten the performance of students in institutions of higher learning (Robe, 2012). Title IX is the gender-equity law that was passed by the congress and was meant to bridge the gap between men and women, which was increasing rapidly. In lieu of this law, many colleges and universities of higher learning in the United States established so many recreational sites and playing grounds for women to participate, w hich was not heard before enforcement of the law. College athletics have been used as an avenue through which this law is broken. A survey conducted showed that many institutions claimed that the participants were women while in the real sense they were men. The best example is at Cornell, where it was not realized that out of the 34 participants who wore the masks on the women’s team, 15 of them were men. This was until they removed their masks (Katie, 2011.) In this regard, college women rights are undermined through the college athletics. Through the college athletics, the coaches and the game organizers have abused many students-athletes. Mike Kramer, the Idaho university football coach pushed the player during the basketball practice. Kramer stopped in front of a player and yelled at him. Matters got worse when the attorney defending the coach threw this case away claiming that there were no enough medical records to show that the player was injured and no evidence from the other players and assistant coaches (Leonnig, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of College Athletics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the benefits drawn by the institution from the student-athletes and the challenges faced by the students who participate in the college athletics it is possible to assist the student-athletes to explore the talents bestowed upon them during their early stages of life. At the end, they might excel in the field and gain income from the sports. If student-athletes realize their full potential while at school, they may perform excellently in their field of expertise. Conclusion There are more disadvantages than there are advantages for a student athlete studying in the United states Universities and colleges. Student-athletes benefit the institution they are enrolled in more than they benefit themselves. This argument has been supported by the benefits tha t accrue to the institution when a student participates in athletics and the negative impacts on the participating student. Therefore, it is important for every student athlete to be paid in proportion to the revenue that he or she generates for the college. However, despite these challenges, the student will have a chance to explore the talent at the early stages supported by the college funds set aside for sports and discover the sporting activities that he or she can perform best. References Branch, T. (2012). The Shame of College Sports. Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Group. Katie, T. (2011). College teams, relying on deception, undermine gender equity: Gender game. New York. The New York Times. Leonnig, C. (2012). Idaho State football coach Kramer will not face charges for pushing player. Washington: The Washington Post. Mixon, F. (2004). Touchdowns and test scores: Exploring the relationship between athletics and academics. London: Routledge.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Robe, J. (2012). Rethinking the benefits of college athletics. Washington: Forbes. This essay on The Purpose of College Athletics was written and submitted by user Krystal Morrison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.